Development of Biodegradable 3D Printing Filament from Pineapple Leaf Fiber Waste: Mechanical, Thermal, and Biodegradation Analysis

Abstract

The widespread use of single-use plastics poses a significant environmental threat, driving the need for sustainable alternatives. This study explores the development of a biodegradable 3D printing filament by utilizing pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) waste as a partial substitute for polylactic acid (PLA). The research aims to analyze the effect of PALF concentration, modified through alkali treatment, on the mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of the composite filament. A factorial experimental design was employed, combining variations in fiber concentration (1-5 wt%), extrusion parameters, and printing conditions (atmospheric vs. vacuum pressure). Characterization included tensile testing, impact testing, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and soil burial test (ASTM G160). Results indicate that alkali treatment significantly improved fiber-matrix adhesion. The optimal composite (3% PALF) demonstrated a tensile strength of >1.0 MPa and a strain at break of ~0.26, showing improved strength albeit with reduced ductility compared to pure PLA. DSC analysis confirmed a melting temperature (Tm) of ~168°C, suitable for FDM printing. TGA revealed thermal stability up to ~250°C, with main degradation onset at 284°C. Vacuum printing conditions effectively reduced porosity, enhancing layer adhesion. The soil burial test confirmed an accelerated biodegradation rate for the PALF/PLA composite compared to pure PLA. This study successfully presents a novel, eco-friendly filament that adds value to agricultural waste and offers a viable biodegradable alternative for additive manufacturing